{"id":192,"date":"2020-07-02T17:42:29","date_gmt":"2020-07-02T15:42:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.iemest.eu\/liss\/?p=192"},"modified":"2021-01-13T12:23:35","modified_gmt":"2021-01-13T11:23:35","slug":"migration-and-infectious-diseases-how-we-should-be-worried","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.iemest.eu\/life-safety-and-security\/2020\/07\/02\/migration-and-infectious-diseases-how-we-should-be-worried\/","title":{"rendered":"Migration and infectious diseases: how we should be worried"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Vincenzo D. Palumbo<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Migration is an intrinsic phenomenon of population dynamics, driven by socio-economic, political and environmental factors. The vast majority of refugees are hosted by low-income and middle-income countries (Turkey, Pakistan, Lebanon, and Iran alone host a quarter of the world’s 20 million refugees). There is no systematic association between migration and importation of infectious diseases. Indeed, migrants tend to be young and fit and so are potentially healthier than the general population. Among the published studies on migrants and infectious diseases, the majority were non-emergent diseases with the exception of MDR tuberculosis and multidrug-resistant bacteria. Far from being a biological threat, which they are often perceived as or accused of for political and social reasons, migrants and above all asylum seekers escaping from precarious situations cannot be systematically associated with the introduction of infectious pathogens in host countries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. International\nMigration Report 2015: Highlights: United Nations, Department of Economic and\nSocial Affairs, Population Division, Geneva: UN (2016).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. World Migration\nReport 2015. Migrants and cities: new partnerships to manage mobility,\nInternational Organization for Migration (IOM), Geneva (2015).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Rechel B, Mladovsky\nP, Ingleby D, Mackenbach JP, McKee M. Migration and health in an increasingly\ndiverse Europe. Lancet 2013;381:1235-1245.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Ikram UZ,\nMackenbach JP, Harding S, Rey G, Bhopal RS, Regidor E, Rosato M, Juel K,\nStronks K, Kunst AE. All-cause and cause-specific mortality of different\nmigrant populations in Europe. Eur J Epidemiol 2016;31:655-665.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. Reus-Pons M,\nVandenheede H, Janssen F, Kibele EU. Differences in mortality between groups of\nolder migrants and older non-migrants in Belgium, 2001-09. Eur J Public Health\n2016;26:992-1000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6. Zimmerman C, Kiss\nL, Hossain M. Migration and health: a framework for 21st century policy-making.\nPLoS Med 2011;8:e1001034.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7. Kentikelenis A,\nKaranikolos M, Williams G, Mladovsky P, King L, Pharris A, Suk JE, Hatzakis A,\nMcKee M, Noori T, Stuckler D. How do economic crises affect migrants’ risk of\ninfectious disease? A systematic-narrative review. Eur J Public Health\n2015;25:937-944.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8. Aldridge RW, Zenner\nD, White PJ, Muzyamba MC, Loutet M, Dhavan P, Mosca D, Hayward AC, Abubakar I.\nPrevalence of and risk factors for active tuberculosis in migrants screened\nbefore entry to the UK: a population-based cross-sectional study. Lancet Infect\nDis 2016;16:962-970.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9. Metcalf CJE,\nLessler J. Opportunities and challenges in modeling emerging infectious\ndiseases. Science 2017;357:149-152.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10. Fauci AS, Morens\nDM. The perpetual challenge of infectious diseases. N Engl J Med\n2012;366:454-461.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

11. Drosten C, Gunther\nS, Preiser W, van der Werf S, Brodt HR, Becker S, et al. Identification of a\nnovel coronavirus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J\nMed 2003;348:1967-1976.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

12. Ungchusak K,\nAuewarakul P, Dowell SF, Kitphati R, Auwanit W, Puthavathana P, et al. Probable\nperson-to-person transmission of avian influenza A (H5N1). N Engl J Med\n2005;352:333-340.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

13. Steffen R,\nAmitirigala I, Mutsch M. Health risks among travelers-need for regular updates.\nJ Travel Med 2008;15:145-146.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

14. World Tourism Organization.\nUNWTO Annual Report 2016. Madrid: UNTWO; 2017.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

15. Ruppe E, Armand-Lefevre L, Estellat C, Consigny PH, El Mniai\nA, Boussadia Y, et al. High Rate of Acquisition but Short Duration of Carriage of\nMultidrug-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae After Travel to the Tropics. Clin Infect\nDis 2015;61:593-600.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

16. Simon J, Kiss N,\nLaszewska A, Mayer S. Public Health Aspects of Migrant Health: A Review of the\nEvidence on Health Status for Labour Migrants in the European Region. WHO\nHealth Evidence Network Synthesis Reports. Copenhagen: 2015.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

17. De Vito E, de\nWaure C, Specchia ML, Ricciardi W. Public Health Aspects of Migrant Health: A\nReview of the Evidence on Health Status for Undocumented Migrants in the\nEuropean Region. WHO Health Evidence Network Synthesis Reports. Copenhagen:\n2015.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

18. Vazquez ML, Vargas\nI, Jaramillo DL, Porthe V, Lopez-Fernandez LA, Vargas H, et al. Was access to\nhealth care easy for immigrants in Spain? The perspectives of health personnel\nin Catalonia and Andalusia. Health policy 2016;120:396-405.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

19. Derose KP, Bahney\nBW, Lurie N, Escarce JJ. Review: immigrants and health care access, quality,\nand cost. Med Care Res Rev 2009;66:355-408.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

20. Magalhaes L,\nCarrasco C, Gastaldo D. Undocumented migrants in Canada: a scope literature\nreview on health, access to services, and working conditions. J Immigr Minor\nHealth 2010;12:132-151.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

21. Vignier N,\nDesgrees du Lou A, Pannetier J, Ravalihasy A, Gosselin A, Lert F, et al. Access\nto health insurance coverage among sub-Saharan African migrants living in\nFrance: Results of the ANRS-PARCOURS study. PLoS One 2018;13:e0192916.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

22. Rechel B,\nMladovsky P, Ingleby D, Mackenbach JP, McKee M. Migration and health in an\nincreasingly diverse Europe. Lancet 2013;381:1235-1245.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

23. Scheppers E, van\nDongen E, Dekker J, Geertzen J, Dekker J. Potential barriers to the use of\nhealth ser- vices among ethnic minorities: a review. Fam Pract 2006;23:325-348.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

24. Gray BH, van\nGinneken E. Health care for undocu- mented migrants: European approaches. Issue\nBrief (Commonw Fund) 2012;33:1-12.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

25. Dourgnon P, Jusot\nF, Silva J, Sermet C. Immigrants\u2019 ac- cess to ambulatory care in France. Questions d\u2019\u00e9conomie de la sant\u00e9. 2009;146.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

26. Napoli C, Dente MG, Karki T, Riccardo F, Rossi P, Declich S,\net al. Screening for\nInfectious Diseases among Newly Arrived Migrants: Experiences and Practices in\nNon-EU Countries of the Mediterranean Basin and Black Sea. Int J Environ Res\nPublic Health 2015;12:15550-8.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

27. Kentikelenis A,\nKaranikolos M, Williams G, Mladovsky P, King L, Pharris A, et al. How do\neconomic crises affect migrants\u2019 risk of infectious disease? A\nsystematic-narra- tive review. Eur J Public Health 2015;25:937-44.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

28. Medley GF, Vassall\nA. When an emerging disease be- comes endemic. Science 2017;357:156-158.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

29. Carballo M,\nNerukar A. Migration, refugees, and health risks. Emerg Infect Dis\n2001;7:556-560.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

30. Hargreaves S,\nLonnroth K, Nellums LB, Olaru ID, Nathavitharana RR, Norredam M, et al.\nMultidrug-resistant tuberculosis and migration to Europe. Clin Microbiol Infect\n2017;23:141-146.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

31. Graham BS,\nSullivan NJ. Emerging viral diseases from a vaccinology perspective: preparing\nfor the next pandemic. Nat Immunol 2018;19:20-28.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

32. European Centre\nfor Disease Prevention and Control. Public health guidance on screening and\nvaccination for infectious diseases in newly arrived migrants within the\nEU\/EEA. Stockholm: ECDC; 2018.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Vincenzo D. Palumbo Abstract Migration is an intrinsic phenomenon of population dynamics, driven by socio-economic, political and environmental factors. The vast majority of refugees are<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":302,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-192","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-perspective"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.iemest.eu\/life-safety-and-security\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/192","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.iemest.eu\/life-safety-and-security\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.iemest.eu\/life-safety-and-security\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iemest.eu\/life-safety-and-security\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iemest.eu\/life-safety-and-security\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=192"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.iemest.eu\/life-safety-and-security\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/192\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":193,"href":"https:\/\/www.iemest.eu\/life-safety-and-security\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/192\/revisions\/193"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iemest.eu\/life-safety-and-security\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/302"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.iemest.eu\/life-safety-and-security\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=192"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iemest.eu\/life-safety-and-security\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=192"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iemest.eu\/life-safety-and-security\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=192"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}